Insurance coverage for physical therapy: what employers and members need to know

Most health plans include some level of coverage for physical therapy. But “covered” does not always mean affordable or easy to access. The details in the fine print drive outcomes for employees and costs for employers.

Musculoskeletal, MSK, conditions like back, knee, and shoulder pain are among the top drivers of employer healthcare spend. Traditional coverage design often fails to deliver value when members skip care, drop out early, or escalate to surgery. With the right structure, conservative PT becomes a lever for better outcomes and lower total cost.

This guide explains how PT coverage and reimbursement work, how referrals and authorizations influence access, and why early conservative care matters for ROI.

How physical therapy insurance coverage works

Most commercial plans, union plans, and self-insured employer plans include outpatient physical therapy. Many Medicare and Medicaid plans do too, though visit caps or referral requirements often apply¹.

When PT is “covered,” the plan typically pays a negotiated rate to an in-network provider. The member pays part of that cost through co-pays or coinsurance. Out-of-network care can be much more expensive if providers bill above the plan’s allowable amount.

Plans may ‘cap visits’ by limiting the number of covered sessions per year. For example, a plan might cover 12 or 20 sessions, no matter how complex the condition is. When members reach that limit but still need care, they may pay entirely out of pocket or stop altogether.

Does insurance cover physical therapy?

Generally, yes. Most employer-sponsored health plans, union health benefits plans, and government benefits programs like Medicare and Medicaid include some level of coverage for outpatient physical therapy¹. But “coverage” does not mean zero cost or simple access

Most plans require members to pay co-pays or coinsurance for each session. The plan may limit the number of sessions each year, regardless of the condition’s complexity. For example, a plan might cover up to 20 PT visits per year, even if recovery takes longer. Some plans require a referral from a physician or a prior authorization before treatment can start.

This means a benefit that looks generous on paper may be harder to access in real life, especially if wait times for appointments at in-person clinics are long. Limited in-network availability also reduces adherence and pushes people toward higher-cost care later⁶.

How is physical therapy reimbursed by insurance?

When a plan “covers” physical therapy, it reimburses providers for each session². Providers typically get a set contracted rate if they’re in-network. Members pay part of the cost through co-pays, coinsurance, or by meeting a deductible first.

Out-of-network PT can be much more expensive. If the provider charges above the plan’s allowable amount, the member may get a balance bill. Some plans pay a flat fee per visit, which can create incentives for providers to see more patients rather than focus on the quality of outcomes.

This traditional fee-for-service setup means employers and insurers often pay for sessions that don’t deliver the best long-term results.

Physical therapy insurance: what to look for

It’s not enough to have PT on the plan. What matters is whether people can use it effectively. For members, that means reviewing the Summary of Benefits to understand how many visits are covered, how much they’ll pay per session, and whether they need a referral.

For employees, it is important to look for how many PT visits are included each year, what the co-pay or coinsurance will be per visit, and whether deductibles must be met before coverage begins. Employees should also check if a physician referral or prior authorization is required, since these steps can delay care and add costs. Finally, confirming whether virtual or at-home PT options are covered can make a big difference in convenience and recovery.

For plan managers, smarter design removes unnecessary prior authorizations for straightforward MSK conditions and reduces cost sharing for proven conservative pathways. Virtual options that fit around work and family improve adherence and lower downstream claims.

Plans that align incentives with real outcomes are the ones that see better long-term ROI.

Do you use health insurance for physical therapy?

For most people, the answer is yes if they use an in-network provider and meet any referral or prior authorization requirements. But high deductibles and coinsurance can create a cost barrier. Some people give up after a few sessions when out-of-pocket costs add up.

Employers and health plans should ensure digital-first physical therapy options are covered within member benefits plans. Many employers and unions now offer virtual PT programs to improve accessibility for a broader range of people. At-home care plans also let people start faster and recover faster by eliminating the need to take time off work, find an appointment, and travel to busy clinics. 

Does insurance cover surgery if PT fails?

When conservative care doesn’t resolve an MSK issue, insurance typically does cover advanced care like injections or surgery. But these downstream claims can cost tens of thousands. One lumbar surgery alone can average $22,890³ and approximately 36% of all MSK surgeries are unnecessary⁴, often because patients didn’t get the right conservative care early enough.

When physical therapy is hard to access, patients may skip it or drop out after just a few sessions. Research shows that 50–70% of patients don’t complete their in-person PT programs⁵. Poor follow-through means more people end up needing surgeries and imaging that could have been avoided.

Plans that cover both physical therapy and preventative MSK care options like Sword Move (and critically make sure this care is easy to access and use) see lower high-cost surgical claims and fewer opioid prescriptions.

What employees really pay out of pocket

Physical therapy can still bring surprise bills. The typical co-pay ranges from $20 to $75 per visit². Coinsurance may be 10–20% of each session cost after the deductible is met. For workers with high deductible health plans, the first few sessions may not be covered at all until the deductible is satisfied.

There’s also the cost of time. An employee might wait 17 days to see an orthopedic specialist and another 26 days to get a PT appointment³. During that time, pain can get worse, and the odds of needing advanced imaging, injections, or surgery increase.

Why “covered” care often goes unused

Plenty of people never use their covered PT benefits. Some don’t know how to access them. Others give up when they can’t find an in-network provider close to home or work. Even when they do start, barriers make it hard to stick with care.

Studies show that 50–70% of people drop out of traditional in-person PT before they finish their program⁴. Commutes, time off work, and family schedules all get in the way. The result is wasted spend on sessions that don’t deliver full recovery.

The hidden cost when PT fails

When PT isn’t used early and consistently, small problems turn into big claims. MSK surgeries are expensive. One lumbar fusion can cost more than $22,000 on average⁵, and 36% of MSK surgeries are unnecessary⁶.

Opioid prescriptions are another downstream cost. The average prescription might cost only $68⁷, but the long-term financial and human costs of addiction and absenteeism are far higher.

Plans that fail to guide members to timely, conservative care pay these costs year after year.

What better PT coverage should do

Smarter coverage helps people get care when it matters most. It makes early, high-quality conservative care the first step for MSK pain, not a last resort.

Better coverage removes unnecessary referrals and prior authorizations for straightforward MSK conditions. It allows people to start care within days, not weeks. It also encourages adherence by reducing out-of-pocket costs and making care convenient to fit around work and family.

Digital-first options help too. Virtual PT means no commute, flexible scheduling, and fewer missed sessions. When more people complete their program, the plan spends less on avoidable surgeries and opioids later.

A real example: the traditional path vs. a smarter path

A worker strains their back lifting a box at work. They wait three weeks to see a doctor. That doctor orders an MRI and refers them to an orthopedic surgeon, who suggests injections or surgery. By the time they reach a physical therapist, they’ve missed work, run up thousands in imaging costs, and the plan faces a big surgery claim.

Compare that to a proactive model. That same employee gets referred to conservative PT immediately. They start within six days, work with a Doctor of Physical Therapy, and use a digital device at home. No travel, no time off work. The pain improves. They never need the MRI or surgery.

Research shows starting PT within three days can reduce total costs by 44% and lower the odds of surgery by 53%⁸.

Why access and equity is critical for PT insurance coverage

Covered care that people can’t reach isn’t effective. Many workers live in rural areas or communities with few in-network clinics. Hourly staff or shift workers often can’t afford to take time off for weekday appointments.

Sword’s virtual-first model addresses this⁹ . 

• Members start care in an average of 6.3 days 
• Sessions happen at home, on their schedule 
• 42% of sessions take place outside normal business hours
• 23% happen on weekends
• 27% of Sword members live in high Social Deprivation Index areas

When people can actually use their benefits, outcomes improve. That keeps downstream costs down.

Sword Health: making PT coverage work smarter

Sword combines human clinical expertise with AI technology to help members recover faster. Each member works with a Doctor of Physical Therapy, guided by an FDA-listed device that gives real-time feedback.

Sword’s Predict engine uses claims and medical history to flag high-risk members up to eight months before they would likely choose surgery¹⁰. That helps employers and health plans intervene early. Sword’s program completion rate is 81%, nearly double that of in-person PT¹¹.

Employers using Sword save an average of $3,177 per member per year¹², with fewer unnecessary surgeries and lower opioid use⁹. Sword’s outcome-based pricing means you pay only when results are proven¹².

What plan managers should avoid

Adding barriers like prior authorizations or tight session caps often backfires. When people delay PT or give up on care early, claims escalate to higher-cost imaging, surgery, or prescription drugs.

Some plans lump MSK care into generic wellness apps with no clinical oversight. That misses the proven impact of guided, personalized PT. MSK care works best when it’s tailored to each person’s condition and monitored by qualified clinicians.

Better coverage also protects employee health

When people have clear access to MSK care that can help them reduce pain, they use it. Digital physical therapy from Sword Thrive makes this process even easier, Recovery can start within days and progress faster without the need for scheduling repeated appointments and travelling to an in-person clinic. Thrive members can work on their personalized program any time they like. 

Plans that remove barriers to high-quality PT do more than save on claims. Fewer people need surgery, and families spend less out of pocket. Employees get back to work faster. Sword’s research shows that 68% of members regain lost productivity, saving an average of $2,916 per member per year¹³.

Better engagement, proven outcomes, and clear accountability keep MSK costs down year after year. It’s not about cutting care. It’s about covering the right care, at the right time.